Antibodies target very specific proteins and can be detected via blood tests. By identifying the antibodies present in a persons blood, it can help a doctor to diagnose the individuals condition.
Here is a list of common auto-antibodies:
Common Auto-Antibodies
Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA): Systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis.
Anti-dsDNA (Double-Stranded DNA): Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Anti-Smith (Anti-Sm): Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies (APL): Antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Rheumatoid Factor (RF): Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, hepatitis, leukemia, syphilis, and other conditions.
Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (Anti-CCP): Rheumatoid arthritis.
Anti-Ro/SSA and Anti-La/SSB: Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Anti-Jo-1: Polymyositis, dermatomyositis.
Anti-Scl-70 (Anti-Topoisomerase I): Systemic sclerosis.
Anti-Centromere: Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, CREST syndrome.
Anti-Mi-2: Dermatomyositis.
Anti-TPO (Thyroid Peroxidase): Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease.
Anti-TG (Thyroglobulin): Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease.
Anti-GAD (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase): Type 1 diabetes, stiff person syndrome.
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA): Commonly found in patients with Crohn’s disease. ASCA targets Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a type of yeast. This antibody is more specific to Crohn’s disease than ulcerative colitis.
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA): More frequently associated with ulcerative colitis. pANCA targets the cytoplasm of neutrophils and has a perinuclear staining pattern. This antibody is less common in patients with Crohn’s disease and more prevalent in those with ulcerative colitis.
Anti-IA-2 (Insulinoma-Associated 2): Type 1 diabetes.
Anti-LKM (Liver Kidney Microsomal): Autoimmune hepatitis type 2.
Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibody (SMA): Autoimmune hepatitis.
Anti-Mitochondrial Antibody (AMA): Primary biliary cholangitis.
c-ANCA (PR3-ANCA): Granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
p-ANCA (MPO-ANCA): Microscopic polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
Anti-U1 RNP (Ribonucleoprotein): Mixed connective tissue disease.
Anti-Ribosomal P Protein: Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Anti-SS-A/Ro and Anti-SS-B/La: Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Anti-Liver Cytosol Antibody Type 1 (LC1): Autoimmune hepatitis.
Anti-Soluble Liver Antigen (SLA): Autoimmune hepatitis.
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA): Vasculitis syndromes such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane (Anti-GBM): Goodpasture’s syndrome.
Anti-Islet Cell Antibodies (ICA): Type 1 diabetes.
Anti-ZnT8 (Zinc Transporter 8): Type 1 diabetes.
Anti-Muscle-Specific Kinase (MuSK): Myasthenia gravis.
Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Antibodies: Myasthenia gravis.
Anti-Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (VGCC): Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.
Anti-Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels (VGKC): Neuromyotonia, Morvan’s syndrome, limbic encephalitis.
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (Anti-NMDAR): NMDAR encephalitis.
Anti-Aquaporin-4 (AQP4): Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibodies (MOG-Ab): MOG antibody disease, which may present with symptoms similar to multiple sclerosis and NMOSD.
Anti-Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) Antibodies: Autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy, presenting with meningoencephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, and myelitis.
Anti-Phosphoglycerate Mutase 1 (Anti-PGM1): Inflammatory myopathies.
Anti-Signal Recognition Particle (Anti-SRP): Autoimmune necrotizing myopathy.
Anti-Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Protein 5 (Anti-MDA5): Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis, associated with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease.
Anti-Th/To Antibodies: Associated with systemic sclerosis and pulmonary hypertension.
Anti-RNA Polymerase III Antibodies: Systemic sclerosis, particularly associated with an increased risk of renal crisis.
Anti-CADM-140/MDA5: Dermatomyositis, particularly in patients with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease.
Anti-TIF1-γ (Transcription Intermediary Factor 1 Gamma): Dermatomyositis, associated with an increased risk of malignancy.
Anti-PL-7 (Threonyl-tRNA Synthetase) and Anti-PL-12 (Alanyl-tRNA Synthetase): Anti-synthetase syndrome, presenting with interstitial lung disease, myositis, and arthritis.
Anti-Ku: Associated with systemic sclerosis and polymyositis.
Anti-PM/Scl: Polymyositis/dermatomyositis and systemic sclerosis overlap syndrome.
Anti-U3 RNP (Fibrillarin): Systemic sclerosis and scleroderma-polymyositis overlap.
Liver-Specific Lipoprotein (LSP) Antibodies: Autoimmune hepatitis.
Anti-Cardiolipin Antibodies: Antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Anti-β2 Glycoprotein I Antibodies: Antiphospholipid syndrome.
Anti-Ovarian Antibodies: Premature ovarian failure.
Anti-Adrenal Antibodies: Addison’s disease (primary adrenal insufficiency).
Anti-Parietal Cell Antibodies: Pernicious anemia, autoimmune gastritis.
Anti-Intrinsic Factor Antibodies: Pernicious anemia.
Anti-Endomysial Antibodies (EMA): Celiac disease.
Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG) Antibodies: Celiac disease.
Anti-Deamidated Gliadin Peptide (DGP) Antibodies: Celiac disease.
Neuronal Nuclear Antibodies (ANNA): Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, including anti-Hu (ANNA-1), anti-Ri (ANNA-2), and others.
Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Antibodies (PCA): Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, including anti-Yo (PCA-1), anti-Tr, and others.
Anti-MAG (Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein) Antibodies: Associated with peripheral neuropathy, particularly in the context of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS).
Anti-GM1 Antibodies: Associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN).
Anti-Musk (Muscle-Specific Kinase) Antibodies: Myasthenia gravis, especially those cases that are typically negative for Acetylcholine Receptor antibodies.
Anti-LRP4 (Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 4) Antibodies: Myasthenia gravis.
Anti-Caspr2 (Contactin-Associated Protein 2) Antibodies: Associated with neuromyotonia (Isaacs’ syndrome), Morvan’s syndrome, and limbic encephalitis.
Anti-LGI1 (Leucine-Rich Glioma-Inactivated 1) Antibodies: Limbic encephalitis, characterized by seizures, memory loss, and psychological changes.
Anti-CRMP5 (Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 5) Antibodies: Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, particularly with lung, thymoma, and other cancers.
Anti-Amphiphysin Antibodies: Stiff-person syndrome and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, especially associated with breast cancer.
Anti-Ma2/Ta Antibodies: Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, particularly in testicular cancer and limbic encephalitis.
Anti-GABAᵦ Receptor Antibodies: Encephalitis with seizures and psychiatric features.
Anti-IGLON5 Antibodies: A rare neurodegenerative condition known as IGLON5 disease, characterized by sleep disorder, bulbar symptoms, and movement disorder.
Anti-mGluR1 (Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1) Antibodies: Cerebellar ataxia in the context of paraneoplastic syndrome.
Anti-mGluR5 (Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5) Antibodies: Seen in Ophelia syndrome associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, presenting with encephalitis and memory problems.
Anti-DPPX (Dipeptidyl-Peptidase-Like Protein-6) Antibodies: Encephalitis with diarrhea, weight loss, and neurological symptoms.
Anti-TR (Delta/Notch-Like Epidermal Growth Factor-Related Receptor) Antibodies: Hodgkin’s lymphoma with cerebellar degeneration.
Anti-PCA-2 Antibodies: Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration.
Anti-CV2 (CRMP5) Antibodies: Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, particularly with small cell lung cancer.
Anti-AMPAR (Alpha-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor) Antibodies: Autoimmune encephalitis, presenting with symptoms of memory loss, psychiatric changes, and seizures.
Anti-NMDAR (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor) Antibodies: A well-known cause of autoimmune encephalitis, particularly among young women, sometimes associated with ovarian teratomas.
Anti-Contactin-Associated Protein-like 2 (CASPR2) Antibodies: Associated with neuromyotonia (Isaacs’ syndrome), Morvan’s syndrome, and some forms of limbic encephalitis, featuring symptoms like muscle stiffness, spasms, insomnia, and hallucinations.
Anti-Glycine Receptor Antibodies: Identified in patients with stiff-person spectrum disorders and some forms of autoimmune encephalitis, presenting with symptoms such as stiffness and spasms, particularly affecting the spinal and brainstem regions.
Anti-DNA Topoisomerase I (Scl-70) Antibodies: Specific for systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), particularly the diffuse cutaneous form, indicating a higher risk for severe fibrosis and internal organ involvement.
Anti-RNA Polymerase I, III Antibodies: Linked to systemic sclerosis, with a strong association with diffuse cutaneous disease and an increased risk of renal crisis and severe gastrointestinal involvement.
Anti-Th/To Antibodies: Associated with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and interstitial lung disease, often indicating a more severe pulmonary involvement.
Anti-U1 RNP Antibodies: Found in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), characterized by features of systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and polymyositis with high titers often indicating a mixed disease phenotype.
Anti-Ro52/SSA Antibodies: Linked to a variety of conditions including Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and myositis, often associated with congenital heart block in neonates when present in pregnant women.
Liver/Kidney Microsomal Type 1 Antibodies (LKM-1): Specific for autoimmune hepatitis type 1, indicative of a more aggressive form of the disease, often requiring immunosuppressive therapy.
Anti-SRP (Signal Recognition Particle) Antibodies: Associated with immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, a subtype of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, characterized by severe muscle weakness and high levels of muscle enzymes.
Anti-HMG-CoA Reductase Antibodies: Found in patients with statin-associated autoimmune myopathy, presenting with muscle weakness and significantly elevated creatine kinase levels, often responsive to immunosuppressive treatment.
Anti-Islet Cell Antibodies (ICA): Indicative of type 1 diabetes, used in the prediction and diagnosis of this autoimmune condition, especially in children and young adults.
Anti-Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) Antibodies: Associated with stiff-person syndrome, type 1 diabetes, cerebellar ataxia, and other autoimmune neurological conditions, reflecting a broader spectrum of autoimmune neurologic disorders.
Anti-Insulin Antibodies (IAA): Present in some individuals at the onset of type 1 diabetes, especially in children, indicative of an immune response against endogenous insulin before insulin therapy.
Anti-Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8) Antibodies: Linked to type 1 diabetes, providing additional diagnostic value particularly in cases where other pancreatic autoantibodies are not present.
Anti-Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) Autoantibodies: Associated with Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency Syndrome, characterized by high susceptibility to certain opportunistic infections. This condition underscores the complexity of autoimmunity and its impact on immune system functionality.
Anti-MOG (Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein) Antibodies: While previously mentioned, it’s important to note the increasing recognition of MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD) as distinct from traditional multiple sclerosis (MS) and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), particularly in pediatric demyelinating diseases.
Anti-IL-17 Autoantibodies: Identified in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, these autoantibodies disrupt the IL-17 signaling pathway, crucial for antifungal defense, illustrating the role of autoimmunity in susceptibility to infections.
Anti-Alpha-Enolase Antibodies: Associated with Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy, a rare condition characterized by encephalopathy, seizures, and stroke-like episodes, highlighting the diverse neurological impact of autoimmune responses.
Anti-Collagen Antibodies: Found in patients with autoimmune diseases targeting connective tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis, indicating the broad spectrum of targets for autoimmune reactions.
Anti-Fibrillarin (U3-RNP) Antibodies: Specific for a subset of systemic sclerosis patients, particularly those with severe skin disease and a higher risk of pulmonary hypertension, underscoring the prognostic value of certain auto-antibodies.
Anti-CarP (Anti-Carbamylated Protein) Antibodies: Emerging as markers in rheumatoid arthritis, particularly in patients negative for RF and Anti-CCP, suggesting their potential role in early diagnosis and prognosis.
Anti-NXP2 (Nuclear Matrix Protein 2) and Anti-TIF1-γ (Transcription Intermediary Factor 1 Gamma) Antibodies: Associated with dermatomyositis, particularly in children and adults with cancer-associated myositis, respectively, highlighting the link between autoimmunity and malignancy.
Anti-Voltage-Gated Ion Channel Antibodies: Including anti-Calcium channel (VGCC) and anti-Potassium channel (VGKC) antibodies, associated with a range of neurological conditions such as Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome and autoimmune epilepsy, reflecting the impact of autoimmunity on neural function.
If you live in the USA, there are many ways to get these antibodies tested on your own via services such as Ulta Lab Tests or walk-in clinics such as Any Lab Test Now.
While I certainly support the freedom of being able to self test, I strongly advise against the use of the results to make a diagnosis. Remember that the presence of anti-bodies in the blood is just one of many potential indicators for determining a persons condition. This should not be used to self diagnose or treat a condition. That should always be done by a medical doctor.
The information shared on this page is for the purpose of educating the public. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, or cure any disease or condition.
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by Dr. Nishal Ramnunan BAMS AD
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